What programming mode is optimal for managing a dislodged atrial lead?

The optimal programming mode for managing a dislodged atrial lead is primarily the VVI mode. In this scenario, VVI mode (Ventricular Inhibition, Ventricular Sensing, and Ventricular Pacing) effectively prevents the ventricular pacing from being compromised by a malfunctioning or dislodged atrial lead.

When a lead is dislodged, the system might receive erroneous signals from the atrial channel, causing inappropriate pacing or sensing that could lead to arrhythmias or loss of effective cardiac output. VVI mode solely relies on ventricular sensing and pacing, completely bypassing the atrial signal, thus allowing for more stable and reliable ventricular activity while the dislodged lead is being assessed or addressed.

In contrast, DDD mode, which relies on both atrial and ventricular sensing and pacing, could lead to complications due to signals from the dislodged atrial lead, resulting in potential malfunction or adverse events. Similarly, AAI mode, which focuses only on atrial sensing and pacing, would not be suitable as it would provide incorrect information to the device, potentially worsening the situation. VOO mode, while it turns off sensing entirely, may not be the best first choice compared to VVI for ensuring proper